{"id":596,"date":"2020-04-08T21:03:04","date_gmt":"2020-04-08T19:03:04","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/tech.sosthe.sk\/?page_id=596"},"modified":"2020-04-09T00:41:54","modified_gmt":"2020-04-08T22:41:54","slug":"sietove-nastroje-v-os-windows","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"http:\/\/tech.sosthe.sk\/index.php\/odborne-predmety\/pocitacove-systemy\/sietove-nastroje-v-os-windows\/","title":{"rendered":"Sie\u0165ov\u00e9 n\u00e1stroje v OS Windows"},"content":{"rendered":"

Ping<\/h3>\n

Program ping <\/strong>(anglicky P<\/strong>acket I<\/strong>nterN<\/strong>et G<\/strong>roper) umo\u017e\u0148uje preveri\u0165 funk\u010dnos\u0165 spojenia medzi dvoma sie\u0165ov\u00fdmi rozhraniami (po\u010d\u00edta\u010da alebo sie\u0165ov\u00e9ho zariadenia) v po\u010d\u00edta\u010dovej sieti, ktor\u00e9 pou\u017e\u00edva rodinu protokolov TCP\/IP . Ping<\/em> pri svojej \u010dinnosti periodicky odosiela IP datagramy a o\u010dak\u00e1va odozvu protistrany. Pri \u00faspe\u0161nom obdr\u017ean\u00ed odpovede vyp\u00ed\u0161e d\u013a\u017eku oneskorenia (latenciu) a na z\u00e1ver \u0161tatistick\u00fd s\u00fahrn.
\nParametrom programu ping<\/em> je dom\u00e9nov\u00e9 meno alebo IP adresa sie\u0165ov\u00e9ho rozhrania, ktor\u00e9ho dostupnos\u0165 chceme preveri\u0165. Ak je uveden\u00e9 dom\u00e9nov\u00e9 meno, je najprv prelo\u017een\u00e9 pomocou DNS na IP adresu. Program vyu\u017e\u00edva spr\u00e1vy Echo Request (typ 8, v\u00fdzva) a Echo Reply (typ 0, odpove\u010f) protokolu ICMP. V\u00fdzvy s\u00fa odosielan\u00e9 na cie\u013eov\u00fa IP adresu a v stanovenom limite sa o\u010dak\u00e1va odpove\u010f (typicky 3 sekundy). Jednotliv\u00e9 v\u00fdzvy obsahuj\u00fa \u010d\u00edsla (icmp_seq), pod\u013ea ktor\u00fdch je mo\u017en\u00e9 identifikova\u0165 jednotliv\u00e9 odpovede alebo ich stratu. Program priebe\u017ene vypisuje, ktor\u00e9 odpovede u\u017e do\u0161li a s ak\u00fdm oneskoren\u00edm (latenciou).<\/p>\n

Mo\u017enosti:
\n-t<\/strong> : Odosiela\u0165 \u017eiadosti a\u017e do preru\u0161enia pomocou kombin\u00e1cie kl\u00e1vesov Ctrl+C<\/strong><\/em>
\n-l<\/strong> : Ve\u013ekos\u0165 paketu
\n-i<\/strong> : TTL paketu (maxim\u00e1lny po\u010det skokov k cie\u013eu)
\nPre popis ostatn\u00fdch pou\u017eite:<\/p>\n

ping \/?<\/span><\/pre>\n
Pr\u00edklad v\u00fdpisu:<\/p>\n
\"\"<\/p>\n
Vo v\u00fdpise je vidie\u0165, \u017ee \u0161tandardn\u00fd program ping<\/em> v syst\u00e9me Microsoft Windows neumo\u017e\u0148uje mera\u0165 s presnos\u0165ou v\u00e4\u010d\u0161ou ako 1 milisekunda. Ping<\/em> skon\u010d\u00ed automaticky po 4 pokusoch.<\/p>\n
 <\/p>\n
Pathping<\/h3>\n
Je to v podstate vylep\u0161en\u00fd n\u00e1stroj ping<\/em> (je dostupn\u00fd od Windows 2000). Ten okrem prost\u00fdch \u0161tatist\u00edk zobrazuje aj podrobn\u00e9 inform\u00e1cie o v\u0161etk\u00fdch prvkoch, ktor\u00fdmi testovac\u00ed packet pre\u0161iel. Z\u00edskate tak preh\u013ead o \u0161trukt\u00fare cesty a dozviete sa pr\u00edpadn\u00e9 zdroje probl\u00e9mu presne pod\u013ea topologick\u00e9ho usporiadania jednotliv\u00fdch bodov.
\nPr\u00edkaz PathPing<\/em> dovo\u013euje odhali\u0165 probl\u00e9m v jednotliv\u00fdch \u010dastiach smerovania. Pr\u00e1ve oneskorenie medzi jednotliv\u00fdmi takzvan\u00fdmi „hopmi“ m\u00f4\u017ee prezradi\u0165 nefunk\u010dnos\u0165 konkr\u00e9tneho bodu sie\u0165ov\u00e9 cesty. Rovnako tak v\u00fdznamn\u00fdm parametrom je miera pr\u00edpadne straten\u00fdch parametrov na tejto trase.
\nNajjednoduch\u0161ie pou\u017eitie pr\u00edkazu PathPing<\/em> je iba s jedin\u00fdm parametrom, ktor\u00fd \u0161pecifikuje testovan\u00fd po\u010d\u00edta\u010d. Na prvom mieste trasy je v\u017edy v\u00e1\u0161 po\u010d\u00edta\u010d, z ktor\u00e9ho je packet vyslan\u00fd, jedn\u00e1 sa o prv\u00fd bod pl\u00e1novanej trasy. Potom s\u00fa postupne vyp\u00edsan\u00e9 jednotliv\u00e9 stroje na ceste k cie\u013eu, a to ako pomocou ich n\u00e1zvov, tak prostredn\u00edctvom pridru\u017een\u00fdch IP adries.<\/p>\n
\"\"
\nNa z\u00e1ver sa pri z\u00e1kladnom pou\u017eit\u00ed pr\u00edkazu PathPing<\/em> automaticky vypo\u010d\u00edtaj\u00fa odozvy medzi jednotliv\u00fdmi bodmi na spom\u00ednan\u00e9 trasy a zobraz\u00ed sa v s\u00fahrnnej tabu\u013eke.<\/p>\n
Ak sa stretnete s probl\u00e9mom pri prev\u00e1dzan\u00ed jednotliv\u00fdch IP adries smerova\u010dov na trase, ktor\u00e1 nasleduje po spusten\u00ed pr\u00edkazu PathPing, pou\u017eite parameter -n<\/strong> . Nielen\u017ee m\u00f4\u017eete z\u00edska\u0165 presnej\u0161\u00ed preh\u013ead o \u0161trukt\u00fare siete s vypusten\u00edm dan\u00e9ho st\u013apca, z\u00e1rove\u0148 aj ur\u00fdchlite kompletn\u00fd v\u00fdpis.<\/p>\n
\u010eal\u0161ie odstr\u00e1nenie probl\u00e9mov \u010dasto poskytne parameter -w<\/strong> , ak na trase ned\u00f4jde k odpovedi do 3 s, je automaticky detekovan\u00e1 chyba – v\u010faka tomuto parametru v\u0161ak m\u00f4\u017eete oneskorenie nav\u00fd\u0161i\u0165 a necha\u0165 dan\u00e9mu smerova\u010du dlh\u0161iu dobu na spracovanie po\u017eiadavky. Preh\u013ead \u010fal\u0161\u00edch mo\u017enost\u00ed z\u00edskate vlo\u017een\u00edm pr\u00edkazu<\/p>\n
pathping \/?<\/span><\/pre>\n
<\/h3>\n
Tracert<\/h3>\n
Ak potrebujete overi\u0165 dostupnos\u0165 po\u010d\u00edta\u010da alebo in\u00e9ho zariadenia v sieti, pri\u010dom chcete z\u00edska\u0165 podrobn\u00e9 inform\u00e1cie o jednotliv\u00fdch prvkoch po trase pou\u017eite n\u00e1stroj tracert<\/em>.
\nTen odosiela ICMP pakety so zvy\u0161uj\u00facimi sa hodnotami TTL a vypisuje trasu podobne, ako tomu bolo v pr\u00edpade u\u017e spom\u00ednan\u00e9ho n\u00e1stroja PathPing<\/em>. Tracert<\/em> oproti pr\u00edkazu PathPing<\/em> okrem in\u00e9ho nepo\u010d\u00edta \u0161tatistiku str\u00e1t po\u010das spojenia a vo v\u00fdsledku m\u00f4\u017ee pon\u00faknu\u0165 r\u00fdchlej\u0161\u00ed mo\u017enos\u0165 v\u00fdpisu trasy od v\u00e1\u0161ho po\u010d\u00edta\u010da k testovan\u00e9mu cie\u013eu. Najjednoduch\u0161ie pou\u017eitie pr\u00edkazu tracert<\/em> spo\u010d\u00edva v doplnen\u00ed o jedin\u00fd parameter, ktor\u00fdm je n\u00e1zov alebo IP-adresa vzdialen\u00e9ho po\u010d\u00edta\u010da.<\/p>\n
\"\"
\nAko m\u00f4\u017eete z uveden\u00e9ho uk\u00e1\u017ekov\u00e9ho v\u00fdpisu vy\u010d\u00edta\u0165, zobrazuj\u00fa sa \u0161tatistiky r\u00fdchlosti prenosu aj jednotliv\u00e9 adresy na trase k cie\u013eov\u00e9mu po\u010d\u00edta\u010du. Ak by ste potrebovali pou\u017eitie pr\u00edkazu tracert<\/em> ur\u00fdchli\u0165, m\u00f4\u017eete aj tu vypn\u00fa\u0165 preklad jednotliv\u00fdch adries na trase pomocou parametra -d<\/strong> . Ak by v\u00e1m navy\u0161e nesta\u010dil predvolen\u00fd po\u010det 30 smerovanie, m\u00e1te mo\u017enos\u0165 ho zv\u00fd\u0161i\u0165 alebo zn\u00ed\u017ei\u0165 pomocou parametra -h<\/strong> . Ak si prajete z\u00edska\u0165 kompletn\u00fd preh\u013ead parametrov, pou\u017eite pr\u00edkaz<\/p>\n
tracert \/?<\/span><\/pre>\n
<\/h3>\n
Ipconfig<\/h3>\n
Pomocou tohto n\u00e1stroja mo\u017eno zobrazi\u0165 konfigur\u00e1ciu sie\u0165ov\u00fdch adapt\u00e9rov protokolov TCP\/IP a umo\u017e\u0148uje s nimi vykon\u00e1va\u0165 z\u00e1kladn\u00e9 oper\u00e1cie. Mo\u017eno tak napr\u00edklad zisti\u0165 aktu\u00e1lnu pridelen\u00fa IP adresu \u010di Mac adresu (fyzick\u00fa adresu) sie\u0165ov\u00fdch adapt\u00e9rov.<\/p>\n
\"\"<\/p>\n
Mo\u017enosti:<\/p>\n
ipconfig \/all\u00a0 – vyp\u00ed\u0161e v\u0161etky parametre sie\u0165ov\u00fdch nastaven\u00ed v\u0161etk\u00fdch dostupn\u00fdch adapt\u00e9rov a pripojen\u00ed (IP adresa, MAC adresa, N\u00e1zov po\u010d\u00edta\u010da, Proxy, Maska podsiete, ,DHCP, DNS).<\/p>\n
ipconfig \/release – zru\u0161\u00ed nastavenie DHCP servera
\nipconfig \/renew – pridel\u00ed nov\u00e9 nastavenie DHCP servera
\nipconfig \/flushdns – vyma\u017ee DNS cache
\nipconfig \/registerdns – zaregistruje DNS<\/p>\n
 <\/p>\n
Nslookup<\/h3>\n
Je to n\u00e1stroj pr\u00edkazov\u00e9ho riadka pre spr\u00e1vu siete dostupn\u00fd v mnoh\u00fdch opera\u010dn\u00fdch syst\u00e9moch. Sl\u00fa\u017ei pre dotazovanie na dom\u00e9nov\u00e9 meno, IP adresu, mapovanie alebo pre in\u00e9 vlastnosti DNS z\u00e1znamu.
\nN\u00e1zov nslookup<\/em> znamen\u00e1 meno vyh\u013ead\u00e1vacieho servera. Nslookup<\/em> pou\u017e\u00edva pre rie\u0161enie ot\u00e1zok lok\u00e1lne DNS kni\u017enicu, ktor\u00fa obsahuje opera\u010dn\u00fd syst\u00e9m.
\nNslookup<\/em> sa pou\u017e\u00edva bu\u010f v interakt\u00edvnom alebo neinterakt\u00edvnom m\u00f3de. Ak sa program nslookup<\/em> sp\u00fa\u0161\u0165a interakt\u00edvne bez argumentov, u\u017e\u00edvate\u013e je postupne vyzvan\u00fd, aby zadal parametre dotazu. Symbolom interakt\u00edvneho pou\u017eitia je (‚>‘). Ak chce pou\u017e\u00edvate\u013e spusti\u0165 program nslookup<\/em> neinterakt\u00edvne, prid\u00e1 argumenty do pr\u00edkazov\u00e9ho riadku (pri volan\u00ed programu).<\/p>\n
\"\"<\/p>\n
Z\u00e1znam typu AA je ozna\u010dovan\u00fd ako authoritative (uv\u00e1dza v\u017edy priamo IP adresu) a z\u00e1znam CNAME alebo MX ako non-authoritative.
\nProgram nslookup<\/em> vie tie\u017e zobrazi\u0165 reverzn\u00e9 z\u00e1znamy, \u010do s\u00fa sp\u00e4tn\u00e9 z\u00e1znamy, kedy je preveden\u00e1 IP adresa na n\u00e1zov dom\u00e9ny. \u010ealej sa v tomto dotaze zobrazia tie\u017e name servery, kde je reverzn\u00fd z\u00e1znam z\u00edskan\u00fd.<\/p>\n
 <\/p>\n
NetStat (Network statistics)<\/h3>\n
Tento n\u00e1stroj poskytuje u\u017e\u00edvate\u013eovi ve\u013emi zauj\u00edmav\u00e9 \u00fadaje o aktu\u00e1lnych sie\u0165ov\u00fdch spojeniach a rozhran\u00ed.\u00a0V\u010faka tomu je mo\u017en\u00e9 transparentne zisti\u0165, ktor\u00e9 v\u0161etky aplik\u00e1cie a ak\u00fdm sp\u00f4sobom vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa moment\u00e1lne na\u0161e sie\u0165ov\u00e9 pripojenie, \u010do m\u00f4\u017ee by\u0165 u\u017eito\u010dn\u00e9, ak chceme napr\u00edklad pozna\u0165 v\u0161etk\u00fdch p\u00f4vodcov zaberaj\u00facich prenosov\u00fa kapacitu a teda zni\u017euj\u00facich n\u00e1m dostupn\u00fa r\u00fdchlos\u0165 pripojenia.<\/p>\n
Program sa spust\u00ed pr\u00edkazom:<\/p>\n
netstat<\/span><\/pre>\n
\"\"<\/p>\n
U\u017eito\u010dn\u00e9 s\u00fa potom aj jeho parametre (\u010fal\u0161ie zist\u00edme zadan\u00edm: netstat \/?<\/em>):<\/p>\n
-a<\/strong> … poskytuje inform\u00e1cie o v\u0161etk\u00fdch sie\u0165ov\u00fdch pripojeniach<\/p>\n
-b<\/strong> … zobraz\u00ed n\u00e1zvy aplik\u00e1ci\u00ed (spustite\u013en\u00e9 s\u00fabory) ktor\u00e9 sie\u0165ov\u00e9 spojenie vytvorili<\/p>\n
-f<\/strong> … pre sie\u0165ov\u00e9 adresy zobrazuje ich dom\u00e9nov\u00e9 n\u00e1zvy (funguje vo Windows Vista a nov\u0161\u00edch)<\/p>\n
-e<\/strong> … zobraz\u00ed \u0161tatistiku odoslan\u00fdch a prijat\u00fdch d\u00e1t<\/p>\n
 <\/p>\n
Arp<\/h3>\n
Pr\u00edkaz arp<\/em> sl\u00fa\u017ei na pr\u00e1cu s ARP tabu\u013ekou (mapovanie IP adries na MAC adresy).<\/p>\n
    \n
  • arp -a<\/code>\u00a0– vyp\u00ed\u0161e ARP tabu\u013eku<\/li>\n
  • arp -d 157.55.85.212<\/code> – zma\u017ee z\u00e1znam k zadanej IP<\/li>\n
  • arp -s 157.55.85.212 00-aa-00-62-c6-09<\/code> – vlo\u017e\u00ed z\u00e1znam pre zadan\u00fa IP<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
    \"\"<\/p>\n
     <\/p>\n
    Getmac<\/h3>\n
    Pomocou pr\u00edkazu getmac m\u00f4\u017eeme zisti\u0165 MAC adresu k sie\u0165ov\u00fdm rozhraniam v po\u010d\u00edta\u010di. Naj\u010dastej\u0161ie sa pou\u017e\u00edva z\u00e1pis:<\/p>\n
    getmac \/v<\/span><\/pre>\n
    \"\"<\/p>\n
     <\/p>\n
    Route<\/h3>\n
    Pr\u00edkaz route sl\u00fa\u017ei na pr\u00e1cu s routovacou tabu\u013ekou. Naj\u010dastej\u0161ie sa pou\u017e\u00edva v\u00fdpis routovacej tabu\u013eky pomocou pr\u00edkazu:<\/p>\n
    route PRINT<\/pre>\n
    \"\"<\/p>\n
    \u010ealej je mo\u017en\u00e9 pou\u017ei\u0165 pr\u00edkazy:<\/p>\n
    ADD<\/strong>\u00a0 – pridanie routovacej tabu\u013eky<\/p>\n
    DELETE<\/strong> – zmazanie routovacej tabu\u013eky<\/p>\n
    CHANGE<\/strong> – \u00faprava routovacej tabu\u013eky<\/p>\n
     <\/p>\n
    Nbtstat<\/strong><\/h3>\n
    Pr\u00edkaz nbtstat<\/em> sl\u00fa\u017ei na pr\u00e1cu s NetBIOS, hlavne pre rie\u0161enie probl\u00e9mov so sie\u0165ou Microsoft Network.<\/p>\n
    Mo\u017enosti<\/p>\n
      \n
    • nbtstat -n<\/code> – lok\u00e1lne registrovan\u00e9 men\u00e1<\/li>\n
    • nbtstat -c<\/code>\u00a0– zobraz\u00ed obsah NetBIOS cache<\/li>\n
    • nbtstat -RR<\/code> – obnov\u00ed z\u00e1znam na WINS server<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
       <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
      Ping Program ping (anglicky Packet InterNet Groper) umo\u017e\u0148uje preveri\u0165 funk\u010dnos\u0165 spojenia medzi dvoma sie\u0165ov\u00fdmi rozhraniami (po\u010d\u00edta\u010da alebo sie\u0165ov\u00e9ho zariadenia) v po\u010d\u00edta\u010dovej sieti, ktor\u00e9 pou\u017e\u00edva rodinu…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":13,"menu_order":1,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/tech.sosthe.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/596"}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/tech.sosthe.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/tech.sosthe.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/tech.sosthe.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/tech.sosthe.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=596"}],"version-history":[{"count":8,"href":"http:\/\/tech.sosthe.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/596\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":613,"href":"http:\/\/tech.sosthe.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/596\/revisions\/613"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/tech.sosthe.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/13"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/tech.sosthe.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=596"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}