{"id":684,"date":"2020-04-13T12:25:32","date_gmt":"2020-04-13T10:25:32","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/tech.sosthe.sk\/?page_id=684"},"modified":"2020-04-13T12:25:32","modified_gmt":"2020-04-13T10:25:32","slug":"opticka-a-metalicka-kabelaz-pre-siete-lan","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"http:\/\/tech.sosthe.sk\/index.php\/sietove-technologie\/opticka-a-metalicka-kabelaz-pre-siete-lan\/","title":{"rendered":"Optick\u00e1 a metalick\u00e1 kabel\u00e1\u017e pre siete LAN"},"content":{"rendered":"<h3><span>M\u00e9di\u00e1 pre prenos d\u00e1t<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><strong><em><span>Prenos d\u00e1t<\/span><\/em><\/strong><span>\u00a0sa v po\u010d\u00edta\u010dov\u00fdch sie\u0165ach (a samozrejme nielen tu) deje pomocou<\/span><strong><em><span>\u00a0vlnenia<\/span><\/em><\/strong><span>\u00a0a pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa sa prim\u00e1rne tri<\/span><strong><em><span>\u00a0prenosov\u00e1 m\u00e9di\u00e1<\/span><\/em><\/strong><span>\u00a0:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong><em><span>metalick\u00e9 k\u00e1ble<\/span><\/em><\/strong><span>\u00a0&#8211; prenos pomocou elektrick\u00e9ho potenci\u00e1lu<\/span><\/li>\n<li><strong><em><span>optick\u00e9 k\u00e1ble<\/span><\/em><\/strong><span>\u00a0&#8211; prenos pomocou svetla<\/span><\/li>\n<li><strong><em><span>vzduch<\/span><\/em><\/strong><span>\u00a0(pr\u00edpadne i vzduchopr\u00e1zdno) &#8211; bezdr\u00f4tov\u00fd (wireless) prenos pomocou mikrov\u013an, r\u00e1diov\u00fdch v\u013an \u010di infra\u010derven\u00e9ho svetla<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span>V tomto \u010dl\u00e1nku sa zameriame na prv\u00e9 dve kateg\u00f3rie a pozrieme sa na aktu\u00e1lne pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00e9\u00a0<\/span><strong><em><span>k\u00e1ble<\/span><\/em><\/strong><span>\u00a0v sie\u0165ach\u00a0<\/span><strong><em><span>Local Area Network<\/span><\/em><\/strong><span>\u00a0(LAN) a\u00a0<\/span><strong><em><span>Storage Area Network<\/span><\/em><\/strong><span>\u00a0(SAN).\u00a0Oblas\u0165 po\u010d\u00edta\u010dov\u00fdch siet\u00ed pre\u0161la dlh\u00fdm b\u00farliv\u00fdm v\u00fdvojom (a vyv\u00edja sa st\u00e1le), tak\u017ee m\u00f4\u017eeme narazi\u0165 na r\u00f4zne historick\u00e9 k\u00e1ble (viac mo\u017enost\u00ed je v oblasti optiky), ktor\u00fdm sa tu venova\u0165 nebudeme.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>V\u0161eobecne je jedno, \u010di ide o siete\u00a0<\/span><em><strong><span>LAN<\/span><\/strong><\/em><span>\u00a0(telekomunika\u010dn\u00e9) \u010di\u00a0<\/span><em><strong><span>SAN<\/span><\/strong><\/em><span>\u00a0(d\u00e1tov\u00e9) a ak\u00e1\u00a0<\/span><em><strong><span>technol\u00f3gia<\/span><\/strong><\/em><span>\u00a0sa pou\u017e\u00edva (Ethernet alebo Fibre Channel, in\u00e9 sie\u0165ov\u00e9 technol\u00f3gie sa dnes asi nepou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa).\u00a0V oboch pr\u00edpadoch sa vyu\u017e\u00edva rovnak\u00fd typ kabel\u00e1\u017ee (tomu mus\u00ed zodpoveda\u0165 \u010fal\u0161ie komponenty).\u00a0Ethernetov\u00e9 siete m\u00f4\u017eu kombinova\u0165 metalick\u00fa aj optick\u00fa kabel\u00e1\u017e.\u00a0Fibre Channel siete vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa optick\u00fa kabel\u00e1\u017e, ak chceme vyu\u017ei\u0165 metalick\u00fa kabel\u00e1\u017e, tak mus\u00edme voli\u0165 iSCSI alebo FCoE (a podkladom je potom Ethernet).<\/span><\/p>\n<table style=\"width: 37.6926%;\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; width: 29.9611%;\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; width: 25.6809%;\"><span>LAN<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; width: 58.0305%;\"><span>SAN<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; width: 29.9611%;\"><strong><span>metalika<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; width: 25.6809%;\"><span>Ethernet<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; width: 58.0305%;\"><span>Ethernet<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; width: 29.9611%;\"><strong><span>optika<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; width: 25.6809%;\"><span>Ethernet<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"border-style: solid; width: 58.0305%;\"><span>Fibre Channel<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h3><span>\u0160trukt\u00farovan\u00e1 kabel\u00e1\u017e (Structured Cabling) pre po\u010d\u00edta\u010dov\u00e9 siete<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span>Pozrieme sa na hlavn\u00e9 dve\u00a0<\/span><em><strong><span>prenosov\u00e9 m\u00e9di\u00e1<\/span><\/strong><\/em><span>\u00a0pre dr\u00f4tov\u00fd (wire) prenos v po\u010d\u00edta\u010dov\u00fdch sie\u0165ach.\u00a0Jedn\u00e1 sa o\u00a0<\/span><strong><em><span>metalick\u00e9<\/span><\/em><\/strong><span>\u00a0a\u00a0<\/span><strong><em><span>optick\u00e9 k\u00e1ble<\/span><\/em><\/strong><span>.\u00a0Ka\u017ed\u00e1 technol\u00f3gia je vhodn\u00e1 pre trochu in\u00fd \u00fa\u010del, tak\u017ee si najprv bodovo uvedieme z\u00e1kladn\u00e9 parametre.<\/span><\/p>\n<h4><span>Metalick\u00e9 k\u00e1ble (Copper Cables)<\/span><\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li><span>relat\u00edvne lacn\u00e9 a menej n\u00e1chyln\u00e9 na po\u0161kodenie (polomer ohybu 2-3cm)<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span>be\u017en\u00e9 \u0161tandardy s\u00fa pre vzdialenosti do 100m (bez akt\u00edvneho prvku, po\u010d\u00edta sa 90m k\u00e1blov\u00fd rozvod a na ka\u017edej strane dva konektory a patch k\u00e1bel 5m)<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span>podporuje nap\u00e1janie po d\u00e1tovom k\u00e1bli (Power over Ethernet, IEEE 802.3af PoE 15,4W, IEEE 802.3at PoE + 30W)<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span>n\u00e1chyln\u00e9 k elektromagnetick\u00e9mu ru\u0161eniu (EMI), aj ke\u010f sa vykon\u00e1va r\u00f4zne tienenie<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span>r\u00fdchlosti dnes be\u017ene do 10Gbps<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-685 size-full\" src=\"http:\/\/tech.sosthe.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/002055.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"430\" height=\"250\" srcset=\"http:\/\/tech.sosthe.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/002055.jpg 430w, http:\/\/tech.sosthe.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/002055-300x174.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 430px) 100vw, 430px\" \/><\/p>\n<h4><span>Optick\u00e9 k\u00e1ble (Optical Fiber Cables)<\/span><\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li><span>drah\u0161ie k\u00e1ble (i cel\u00e1 technol\u00f3gia) a n\u00e1ro\u010dnej\u0161ie pre manipul\u00e1ciu (polomer ohybu 8 cm, zv\u00e1ranie)<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span>pre dlh\u00e9 vzdialenosti (z\u00e1le\u017e\u00ed na type, ale mo\u017eno aj 100km, s \u010fal\u0161\u00edmi technol\u00f3giami ide aj o stovky km)<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span>im\u00fanne vo\u010di elektromagnetick\u00e9mu ru\u0161eniu (Electromagnetic Interference &#8211; EMI)<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span>ni\u017e\u0161ie oneskorenia (latencie) a mo\u017en\u00e9 v\u00e4\u010d\u0161ie prenosov\u00e9 r\u00fdchlosti (dnes 100Gbps na jednom vl\u00e1kne)<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span>men\u0161ia energetick\u00e1 n\u00e1ro\u010dnos\u0165<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-686 size-full\" src=\"http:\/\/tech.sosthe.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/002057.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"379\" height=\"295\" srcset=\"http:\/\/tech.sosthe.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/002057.jpg 379w, http:\/\/tech.sosthe.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/002057-300x234.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 379px) 100vw, 379px\" \/><\/p>\n<h3><span>Metalick\u00e9 k\u00e1ble &#8211; kr\u00faten\u00e1 dvojlinka<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span>U metalick\u00fdch k\u00e1blov sa budeme bavi\u0165 iba o\u00a0<\/span><strong><em><span>kr\u00fatenej dvojlinke<\/span><\/em><\/strong><span>, so star\u0161\u00edmi koaxi\u00e1lnymi k\u00e1blami sa sn\u00e1\u010f u\u017e dnes nestretneme (a in\u00e9 mo\u017enosti s\u00fa ojedinel\u00e9).<\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong><em><span>Kr\u00faten\u00e1 dvojlinka<\/span><\/em><\/strong><span>\u00a0(Twisted Pair), pou\u017e\u00edva sa skratka<\/span><strong><span> TP<\/span><\/strong><span>, je tvoren\u00e1 \u0161tyrmi p\u00e1rmi vodi\u010dov (wire), ktor\u00e9 s\u00fa po celej d\u013a\u017eke pravideln\u00fdm sp\u00f4sobom skr\u00faten\u00e9.\u00a0Zlep\u0161uj\u00fa sa t\u00fdm elektromagnetick\u00e9 vlastnosti k\u00e1bla, minimalizuj\u00fa sa presluchy (crosstalk) a obmedzuje vy\u017earovanie elektromagnetick\u00e9ho \u017eiarenia (do okolia a pr\u00edjem z okolia).\u00a0Ka\u017ed\u00fd vodi\u010d m\u00e1 ochrann\u00fa izol\u00e1ciu (\u010dasto z polyetyl\u00e9nu) a v\u0161etky vodi\u010de s\u00fa spolo\u010dne zabalen\u00e9 do pl\u00e1\u0161\u0165a (\u010dasto z PVC).<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"notice\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\"><em><strong>Pozn .:<\/strong><\/em>\u00a0E\u0161te sk\u00f4r, ako v po\u010d\u00edta\u010dov\u00fdch sie\u0165ach, sa vyu\u017e\u00edvala kr\u00faten\u00e1 dvojlinka v telef\u00f3nnych rozvodoch.\u00a0Tam sa \u0161tandardne pou\u017e\u00edval k\u00e1bel s tromi p\u00e1rmi vodi\u010dov, ale \u010dasto sa na prenos vyu\u017e\u00edval iba jeden p\u00e1r.\u00a0Tieto rozvody sa tie\u017e na za\u010diatku vyu\u017eili pre budovanie po\u010d\u00edta\u010dov\u00fdch siet\u00ed.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-687 size-full\" src=\"http:\/\/tech.sosthe.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/002059.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"400\" height=\"190\" srcset=\"http:\/\/tech.sosthe.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/002059.jpg 400w, http:\/\/tech.sosthe.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/002059-300x143.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\" \/><\/p>\n<h4><span>Netienen\u00e9 a tienen\u00e9 Twisted Pair k\u00e1ble<\/span><\/h4>\n<p><span>Kr\u00faten\u00e1 dvojlinka m\u00f4\u017ee by\u0165 nieko\u013ek\u00fdch z\u00e1kladn\u00fdch typov.\u00a0Naj\u010dastej\u0161ie sa jedn\u00e1 o klasick\u00fd netienen\u00fd TP k\u00e1bel:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong><span>UTP<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0&#8211;\u00a0<\/span><strong><em><span>Unshielded Twisted Pair<\/span><\/em><\/strong><span>\u00a0&#8211; klasick\u00fd a najviac roz\u0161\u00edren\u00fd k\u00e1bel, kedy je pou\u017eit\u00e1 \u0161tandardn\u00e1 netienen\u00e1 kr\u00faten\u00e1 dvojlinka<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span>Ak potrebujeme viac obmedzi\u0165 vy\u017earovanie, presluchy a elektromagnetick\u00e9 ru\u0161enie, tak sa pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa r\u00f4zne formy\u00a0<\/span><strong><em><span>tienenia<\/span><\/em><\/strong><span>. V\u00fdrobcovia si to r\u00f4zne ozna\u010duj\u00fa a \u013eudovo sa \u010dasto pou\u017e\u00edva iba ozna\u010denie UTP, STP, FTP.\u00a0Korektn\u00e9 s\u00fa asi najroz\u0161\u00edrenej\u0161ie defin\u00edcie v norme\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>ISO\/IEC 11801<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0alebo\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>ANSI\/TIA\/EIA-568-B<\/span><\/strong><span>.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>Ke\u010f hovor\u00edme o\u00a0<\/span><strong><em><span>tienen\u00fdch k\u00e1bloch<\/span><\/em><\/strong><span>\u00a0(anglicky\u00a0<\/span><em><span>Shielded<\/span><\/em><span>\u00a0alebo\u00a0<\/span><em><span>screened<\/span><\/em><span>\u00a0), tak sa pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa dve p\u00edsmenk\u00e1 v ozna\u010den\u00ed:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong><span>S<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0&#8211;\u00a0<\/span><strong><em><span>Braid Screen<\/span><\/em><\/strong><span>\u00a0(Shielded) &#8211; tieniace pletivo<\/span><\/li>\n<li><strong><span>F<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0&#8211;\u00a0<\/span><strong><em><span>Foil Shield<\/span><\/em><\/strong><span>\u00a0(Foiled) &#8211; ochrann\u00e1 (kovov\u00e1) f\u00f3lie<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span>Ochrana sa m\u00f4\u017ee vykon\u00e1va\u0165:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong><em><span>tienenie p\u00e1rov<\/span><\/em><\/strong><span>\u00a0(pair Shielding) &#8211; ka\u017ed\u00fd p\u00e1r vodi\u010dov je obalen\u00fd tieniaci f\u00f3liou, m\u00f4\u017ee sa pou\u017ei\u0165 len F (f\u00f3lie)<\/span><\/li>\n<li><strong><em><span>tienenie k\u00e1bla<\/span><\/em><\/strong><span>\u00a0(cable Shielding) &#8211; v\u0161etky p\u00e1ry dohromady s\u00fa zabalen\u00e9 do opletenie (S) alebo f\u00f3lie (F)<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span>K\u00e1ble sa potom ozna\u010duj\u00fa (v z\u00e1tvorke je \u013eudov\u00e9 ozna\u010denie) ako\u00a0<\/span><code>U\/UTP<\/code><span>(UTP),\u00a0<\/span><code>U\/FTP<\/code><span>(STP),\u00a0<\/span><code>S\/UTP<\/code><span>(STP),\u00a0<\/span><code>S\/FTP<\/code><span>,\u00a0<\/span><code>F\/FTP<\/code><span>, a pod. Pred lom\u00edtkom je ozna\u010denie\u00a0<\/span><em><strong><span>tienenie cel\u00e9ho k\u00e1bla<\/span><\/strong><\/em><span>, za lom\u00edtkom je\u00a0<\/span><em><strong><span>tienenie jednotliv\u00fdch p\u00e1rov<\/span><\/strong><\/em><span>.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-688 size-full\" src=\"http:\/\/tech.sosthe.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/002060.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"208\" \/><\/p>\n<h4><span>\u0160tandardy pre Ethernet over Twisted Pair<\/span><\/h4>\n<p><span>V\u0161etky be\u017en\u00e9 telekomunika\u010dn\u00e9 siete dnes vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa prenosov\u00fa technol\u00f3giu\u00a0<\/span><strong><em><span>Ethernet<\/span><\/em><\/strong><span>, t\u00e1 definuje (v \u0161tandardoch\u00a0 <\/span><strong><span>IEEE 802.3<\/span><\/strong><span>) aj pou\u017eit\u00fa kabel\u00e1\u017e, pr\u00edstup k sieti, posielanie sign\u00e1lov, r\u00fdchlosti, at\u010f. Pod\u013ea podporovanej\u00a0 <\/span><strong><em><span>prenosovej r\u00fdchlosti<\/span><\/em><\/strong><span>\u00a0m\u00e1me r\u00f4zne \u0161tandardy Ethernetu, ktor\u00e9 vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa\u00a0<\/span><strong><em><span>kr\u00faten\u00fa dvojlinku<\/span><\/em><\/strong><span>\u00a0(\u010fal\u0161ie varianty s\u00fa definovan\u00e9 na inom prenosovom m\u00e9diu).<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>Ozna\u010denie sa sklad\u00e1 z\u00a0<\/span><code>\u010d\u00edsla<\/code> <span>ur\u010duj\u00faceho\u00a0<\/span><strong><em><span>r\u00fdchlos\u0165<\/span><\/em><\/strong><span>\u00a0v Mbps (ak sa prid\u00e1 G, tak v Gbps).\u00a0Slovo\u00a0<\/span><code>Base<\/code> <span>je skr\u00e1tene\u00a0 <\/span><strong><em><span>baseband<\/span><\/em><\/strong><span>\u00a0zna\u010d\u00ed, \u017ee ide o nefiltrovan\u00fa linku bez modul\u00e1cie.\u00a0P\u00edsmenko\u00a0<\/span><code>T<\/code> <span>na konci znamen\u00e1\u00a0 <\/span><strong><em><span>Twisted<\/span><\/em><\/strong><span>\u00a0 (kr\u00faten\u00e1 dvojlinka).<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>Najroz\u0161\u00edrenej\u0161ie varianty s\u00fa:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong><span>100Base-Tx Ethernet<\/span><\/strong><span> &#8211; IEEE 802.3u (1995), technol\u00f3gia, ktor\u00e1 pren\u00e1\u0161a Ethernetov\u00e9 r\u00e1mce r\u00fdchlos\u0165ou 100 Mbps, ozna\u010duje sa aj ako <\/span><em><strong><span>FastEthernet<\/span><\/strong><\/em><span>\u00a0(FE)<\/span><\/li>\n<li><strong><span>1000Base-T Ethernet<\/span><\/strong><span> &#8211; IEEE 802.3ab (1999), r\u00fdchlos\u0165 1000 Mbps, ozna\u010duje sa aj ako\u00a0 <\/span><em><strong><span>GigabitEthernet<\/span><\/strong><\/em><span>\u00a0(GE)<\/span><\/li>\n<li><strong><span>10GBase-T Ethernet<\/span><\/strong><span> &#8211; IEEE 802.3an (2006), r\u00fdchlos\u0165 10 000 Mbps, ozna\u010duje sa aj ako\u00a0 <\/span><em><strong><span>10GigabitEthernet<\/span><\/strong><\/em><span>\u00a0(10GE)<\/span><\/li>\n<li><strong><span>40GBase-T Ethernet<\/span><\/strong><span> &#8211; IEEE 802.3bq (2013), r\u00fdchlos\u0165 40 000 Mbps, ozna\u010duje sa aj ako <\/span><em><strong><span>40GigabitEthernet<\/span><\/strong><\/em><span>\u00a0(40GE)<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong><em><span>Ethernet siete<\/span><\/em><\/strong><span>\u00a0na za\u010diatku vyu\u017e\u00edvali<\/span><strong><em><span>\u00a0koaxi\u00e1lne k\u00e1ble<\/span><\/em><\/strong><span>\u00a0(10Base5, 10Base2).\u00a0Potom sa za\u010dalo vyu\u017e\u00edva\u0165<\/span><strong><em><span>\u00a0 telef\u00f3nnych rozvodov<\/span><\/em><\/strong><span> po kr\u00fatenej dvojlinke (vznikol prv\u00fd \u0161tandard 10Base-T, ale predt\u00fdm existoval treb\u00e1rs StarLAN) a postupne sa vyv\u00edjalo k dne\u0161n\u00fdm TP k\u00e1blom, ktor\u00e9 sa st\u00e1le vyv\u00edjaj\u00fa, aby podporovali vy\u0161\u0161ie prenosov\u00e9 r\u00fdchlosti.<\/span><\/p>\n<h4><span>Kateg\u00f3rie Twisted Pair kabel\u00e1\u017ee<\/span><\/h4>\n<p><span>Kabel\u00e1\u017e, a jej kateg\u00f3rie, je definovan\u00e1 v \u0161tandardoch\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>TIA\/EIA-568<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0(pou\u017e\u00edva kateg\u00f3rie, ako je uveden\u00e9 ni\u017e\u0161ie) a\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>ISO\/IEC 11801<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0(pou\u017e\u00edva triedy &#8211; Class C, D, E, at\u010f.).\u00a0<\/span><strong><em><span>Kateg\u00f3ria kabel\u00e1\u017ee<\/span><\/em><\/strong><span>\u00a0definuje minim\u00e1lne parametre, ktor\u00e9 s\u00fa kladen\u00e9 na k\u00e1ble.\u00a0Ur\u010duje r\u00f4zne \u00farovne v\u00fdkonu, \u010do sa t\u00fdka \u0161\u00edrky p\u00e1sma sign\u00e1lu, \u00fatlmu a presluchov.\u00a0 V\u0161eobecne \u010d\u00edm vy\u0161\u0161ia kateg\u00f3ria, t\u00fdm podporuje vy\u0161\u0161ie prenosov\u00e9 r\u00fdchlosti.\u00a0R\u00f4zne \u0161tandardy Ethernetu vy\u017eaduj\u00fa ur\u010dit\u00fa kateg\u00f3riu kabel\u00e1\u017ee.\u00a0Hlavn\u00e1 kateg\u00f3ria kabel\u00e1\u017ee:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong><span>kateg\u00f3rie 5e<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0(Cat 5e, Class D) &#8211; pre FastEthernet (vyu\u017e\u00edva dva p\u00e1ry) a GigabitEthernet (vyu\u017e\u00edva v\u0161etky \u0161tyri p\u00e1ry), pou\u017e\u00edva tienen\u00fa aj netienen\u00fa kabel\u00e1\u017e, \u0161\u00edrka p\u00e1sma 100 MHz, konektor RJ45 (8P8C)<\/span><\/li>\n<li><strong><span>kateg\u00f3rie 6<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0(Cat 6, Class E) &#8211; podporuje 10 Gbps Ethernet, ale len do 55 metrov, pou\u017e\u00edva tienenou aj netienen\u00fa kabel\u00e1\u017e, \u0161\u00edrka p\u00e1sma 250 MHz, konektor RJ45 (8P8C)<\/span><\/li>\n<li><strong><span>kateg\u00f3rie 6a<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0(Cat 6a &#8211; augmented, Class EA) &#8211; podporuje 10 Gbps Ethernet na pln\u00fa vzdialenos\u0165 100 metrov, pou\u017e\u00edva tienenou aj netienen\u00fa kabel\u00e1\u017e, \u0161\u00edrka p\u00e1sma 500 MHz, konektor RJ45 (8P8C)<\/span><\/li>\n<li><strong><span>kateg\u00f3ria 7<\/span><\/strong><span> (Cat 7, Class F) &#8211; pokus, ktor\u00fd sa neujal, pre podporu 10Gbps Ethernet, vy\u017eaduje tienenou kabel\u00e1\u017e (S\/FTP) a \u0161peci\u00e1lne konektory (GG45 kompatibiln\u00fd s RJ45 alebo TERA), \u0161\u00edrka p\u00e1sma 600 MHz, v\u00fdrobcovia rad\u0161ej zvolili Cat 6a a RJ45 konektor<\/span><\/li>\n<li><strong><span>kateg\u00f3rie 7a<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0(Cat 7a, Class FA) &#8211; pokus o roz\u0161\u00edrenie Cat 7, mohlo by podporova\u0165 40 Gbps Ethernet na vzdialenos\u0165 50 metrov, \u0161\u00edrka p\u00e1sma 1000 MHz<\/span><\/li>\n<li><strong><span>kateg\u00f3ria 8<\/span><\/strong><span> (Cat 8) &#8211; aktu\u00e1lne vo v\u00fdvoji (ISO technick\u00e9 odpor\u00fa\u010dania z roku 2013), podporuje 40 Gbps Ethernet, \u0161\u00edrka p\u00e1sma 1600 a\u017e 2000 MHz, dva varianty, jedna pou\u017e\u00edva tienen\u00e9 k\u00e1ble (U\/FTP, F\/UTP) a konektor RJ45 (8P8C), druh\u00e1 k\u00e1ble (F\/FTP, S\/FTP) a konektor TERA\/GG-45\/ARJ-45<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4><span>Metalick\u00e9 TP k\u00e1ble a ich ozna\u010dovanie<\/span><\/h4>\n<p><span>Pri ozna\u010den\u00ed\u00a0<\/span><strong><em><span>metalick\u00e9ho k\u00e1bla<\/span><\/em><\/strong><span> pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00faceho kr\u00faten\u00fa dvojlinku sa pou\u017e\u00edva <\/span><strong><em><span>skratka<\/span><\/em><\/strong><span> ur\u010duj\u00faca, \u010di je k\u00e1bel netienen\u00fd alebo nejak\u00fdm sp\u00f4sobom tienen\u00fd, a \u010falej\u00a0<\/span><strong><em><span>kateg\u00f3ria<\/span><\/em><\/strong><span>.\u00a0napr\u00edklad:<\/span><\/p>\n<pre><span>K\u00e1bel UTP CAT6<\/span><\/pre>\n<p><span>M\u00f4\u017eu sa uv\u00e1dza\u0165 \u010fal\u0161ie\u00a0<\/span><strong><em><span>doplnkov\u00e9 inform\u00e1cie<\/span><\/em><\/strong><span>, ako \u017ee ide o 4 p\u00e1ry (4&#215;2), materi\u00e1l vodi\u010da (naj\u010dastej\u0161ie me\u010f &#8211; Cu), hr\u00fabka vodi\u010da (23AWG je 0,57mm alebo 24AWG je 0,52mm), materi\u00e1l izol\u00e1cie vodi\u010da (PE &#8211; polyetyl\u00e9n) , materi\u00e1l pl\u00e1\u0161\u0165a (PVC &#8211; polyvinylchlorid).<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>M\u00f4\u017eu by\u0165 tie\u017e dva typy vodi\u010da. Ide o <\/span><strong><em><span>dr\u00f4t<\/span><\/em><\/strong><span>\u00a0(solid) alebo\u00a0<\/span><strong><em><span>lanko\/lic\u0148a<\/span><\/em><\/strong><span>\u00a0(stranded).\u00a0<\/span><strong><em><span>Dr\u00f4t<\/span><\/em><\/strong><span>\u00a0je vyroben\u00fd ako jeden kus kovu, je tuh\u00fd a m\u00e1lo ohybn\u00fd.\u00a0<\/span><strong><em><span>Lanko<\/span><\/em><\/strong><span> sa sklad\u00e1 zo zv\u00e4zku mal\u00fdch dr\u00f4tikov, je ohybnej\u0161\u00ed a drah\u0161\u00ed. Pre ka\u017ed\u00fd typ k\u00e1bla je zodpovedaj\u00faci typ konektora (lanko sa prepichuje, dr\u00f4t zviera).<\/span><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-689 size-full\" src=\"http:\/\/tech.sosthe.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/002061.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"445\" height=\"267\" srcset=\"http:\/\/tech.sosthe.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/002061.jpg 445w, http:\/\/tech.sosthe.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/002061-300x180.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 445px) 100vw, 445px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><span>V praxi m\u00e1me k\u00e1bel bu\u010f ako\u00a0<\/span><strong><em><span>metr\u00e1\u017e<\/span><\/em><\/strong><span> (be\u017ene sa pred\u00e1vaj\u00fa klbk\u00e1 o d\u013a\u017eke 305m alebo na metre). Tak\u00fdto k\u00e1bel natiahneme a na koniec nakrimpujeme konektor alebo prirob\u00edme z\u00e1suvku na stene \u010di v Patch paneli (prepojovacie pole).\u00a0Alebo pripraven\u00e9\u00a0<\/span><strong><em><span>prepojovacie k\u00e1ble<\/span><\/em><\/strong><span>\u00a0(Patch k\u00e1bel &#8211; Patchcord) ur\u010ditej d\u013a\u017eky s pripevnen\u00fdmi konektormi.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span>Optick\u00e9 k\u00e1ble, optick\u00e9 vl\u00e1kna<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><strong><em><span>Optick\u00fd k\u00e1bel<\/span><\/em><\/strong><span>\u00a0(Optical Fiber Cable) je tvoren\u00fd jedn\u00fdm alebo viacer\u00fdmi<\/span><strong><em><span>\u00a0optick\u00fdmi vl\u00e1knami<\/span><\/em><\/strong><span>\u00a0(optical fiber), ktor\u00e1 pren\u00e1\u0161a sveteln\u00fd l\u00fa\u010d od zdroja k cie\u013eu s \u010do najmen\u0161ou stratou.\u00a0<\/span><strong><em><span>Optick\u00e9 vl\u00e1kno<\/span><\/em><\/strong><span>\u00a0obsahuje<\/span><strong><em><span>\u00a0jadro<\/span><\/em><\/strong><span> (core), ktor\u00e9 m\u00e1 (v praxi) hr\u00fabku 9 alebo 50 alebo 62,5 mikrometrov, tvoren\u00e9 oxidom kremi\u010dit\u00fdm a<\/span><strong><em><span>\u00a0 oblo\u017eenie<\/span><\/em><\/strong><span> (cladding)\u00a0 z in\u00e9ho druhu skla, ktor\u00e9 m\u00e1 ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed index lomu, tak\u017ee sa sign\u00e1l odr\u00e1\u017ea sp\u00e4\u0165, s hr\u00fabkou 0,125 mm.\u00a0 Potom nasleduje<\/span><strong><em><span>\u00a0prim\u00e1rna ochrana<\/span><\/em><\/strong><span>\u00a0a hr\u00fabka je 0,25 mm.\u00a0Optick\u00e9 vl\u00e1kna zdru\u017eujeme do optick\u00fdch k\u00e1blov a prid\u00e1vame rad ochrann\u00fdch vrstiev (\u010dasto PVC), pod\u013ea toho do ak\u00e9ho prostredia s\u00fa ur\u010den\u00e9.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-690 size-full\" src=\"http:\/\/tech.sosthe.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/002062.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"474\" height=\"263\" srcset=\"http:\/\/tech.sosthe.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/002062.png 474w, http:\/\/tech.sosthe.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/002062-300x166.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 474px) 100vw, 474px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><span>Optick\u00e9 vl\u00e1kna pou\u017e\u00edvame dvoch z\u00e1kladn\u00fdch typov:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong><span>Single-mode Optical Fiber<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0(SMF)<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span>slovensky <\/span><strong><em><span>jednovidov\u00e9 optick\u00e9 vl\u00e1kno<\/span><\/em><\/strong><\/li>\n<li><span>priemer jadra optick\u00e9ho vl\u00e1kna je\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>9 mikrometrov<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0(menej ako 10 mikrometrov)<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span>pou\u017e\u00edva sa vlnov\u00e1 d\u013a\u017eka\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>1310 alebo 1550 nm<\/span><\/strong><\/li>\n<li><span>v\u010faka mal\u00e9mu priemeru a vysokej vlnovej d\u013a\u017eke sa m\u00f4\u017ee \u0161\u00edri\u0165 iba jedin\u00fd \u010diastkov\u00e9 l\u00fa\u010d (vid), tie\u017e to vedie k tomu, \u017ee uhol odrazu vo vl\u00e1kne je ve\u013ek\u00fd a teda doch\u00e1dza k minim\u00e1lnemu pred\u013a\u017eeniu dr\u00e1hy l\u00fa\u010da<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span>je vhodn\u00e9 pre dlh\u00e9 vzdialenosti, m\u00e1 vy\u0161\u0161iu cenu<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span>vysiela\u010d pou\u017e\u00edva laserov\u00e9 di\u00f3dy<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span>objavuje sa chromatick\u00e1 a polariza\u010dn\u00e9 disperzie (rozptyl)<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span>\u010dasto sa pre ozna\u010denie t\u00fdchto k\u00e1blov pou\u017e\u00edva\u00a0<\/span><strong><em><span>\u017elt\u00e1 farba<\/span><\/em><\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-691 size-full\" src=\"http:\/\/tech.sosthe.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/002063.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"569\" height=\"190\" srcset=\"http:\/\/tech.sosthe.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/002063.png 569w, http:\/\/tech.sosthe.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/002063-300x100.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 569px) 100vw, 569px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><strong><span>Multi-mode Optical Fiber<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0(MMF)<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span>slovensky <\/span><strong><em><span>viacvidov\u00e9 optick\u00e9 vl\u00e1kno<\/span><\/em><\/strong><\/li>\n<li><span>priemer jadra optick\u00e9ho vl\u00e1kna je\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>50 mikrometrov<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0(star\u0161ie vl\u00e1kna 62,5 mikrometrov)<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span>pou\u017e\u00edva sa vlnov\u00e1 d\u013a\u017eka\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>850 alebo 1300 nm<\/span><\/strong><\/li>\n<li><span>vo vl\u00e1kne sa \u0161\u00edri viac vidov (light mode) s r\u00f4znym uhlom odrazu, m\u00e1 v\u00e4\u010d\u0161iu svetelnos\u0165, ale kv\u00f4li vidov\u00e9mu rozptylu (modal dispersion) obmedzuje prenosov\u00fa vzdialenos\u0165<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span>umo\u017e\u0148uje pou\u017e\u00edva\u0165 lacnej\u0161ie vy\u017earovania LED a laserov\u00e9 di\u00f3dy, celkovo je lacnej\u0161ie ako SMF<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span>m\u00e1 ni\u017e\u0161iu prenosov\u00fa kapacitu a je vhodn\u00e9 pre krat\u0161ie vzdialenosti (pou\u017e\u00edva sa v LAN sie\u0165ach)<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span>pod\u013ea prechodu medzi jadrom a oblo\u017een\u00edm (m\u00e1me r\u00f4zny rozptyl &#8211; dispersion) sa pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa dva typy<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><strong><span>SI<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0&#8211;\u00a0<\/span><strong><em><span>step index profile<\/span><\/em><\/strong><span>\u00a0&#8211; so skokov\u00fdm indexom lomu, pre krat\u0161ie vzdialenosti<\/span><\/li>\n<li><strong><span>GI<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0&#8211;\u00a0<\/span><strong><em><span>graded index profile<\/span><\/em><\/strong><span>\u00a0&#8211; s plynulou zmenou indexu lomu<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span>objavuje sa Vidov\u00e1, chromatick\u00e1 a polariza\u010dn\u00e1 disperzia<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span>\u010dasto sa pre ozna\u010denie t\u00fdchto k\u00e1blov pou\u017e\u00edva <\/span><strong><em><span>oran\u017eov\u00e1 farba<\/span><\/em><\/strong><span>, pr\u00edpadne modro-zelen\u00e1 (OM3, OM4) alebo fialov\u00e1 (OM4)<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-692 size-full\" src=\"http:\/\/tech.sosthe.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/002064.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"572\" height=\"190\" srcset=\"http:\/\/tech.sosthe.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/002064.png 572w, http:\/\/tech.sosthe.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/002064-300x100.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 572px) 100vw, 572px\" \/><\/p>\n<h4><span>Kateg\u00f3rie (triedy) optick\u00fdch vl\u00e1kien<\/span><\/h4>\n<p><span>Podobne, ako u metalick\u00e9 kr\u00faten\u00e9 dvojlinky, s\u00fa optick\u00e9 vl\u00e1kna definovan\u00e9 v \u0161tandardoch\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>ISO\/<\/span><\/strong><strong><span>IEC 11801<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0 a <\/span><strong><span>TIA\/EIA-568<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0(a \u010fal\u0161\u00edch) a existuj\u00fa ur\u010dit\u00e9\u00a0<\/span><strong><em><span>triedy<\/span><\/em><\/strong><span>\u00a0(kateg\u00f3ria vl\u00e1kna).\u00a0V\u017edy je podporovan\u00e1 ur\u010dit\u00e1 \u0161tandardn\u00e1 prenosov\u00e1 r\u00fdchlos\u0165 na dan\u00fa minim\u00e1lnu vzdialenos\u0165 (napr\u00edklad MMF v\u017edy podporuje FastEthernet aspo\u0148 na 2 km), ale funguje aj vy\u0161\u0161iu r\u00fdchlos\u0165 na vzdialenos\u0165 krat\u0161iu.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong><span>Single-mode Optical Fiber<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0(ozna\u010denie\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>OS<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0&#8211; Optical single-mode)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>U SMF vl\u00e1kien sa ud\u00e1va maxim\u00e1lny koeficient\u00a0<\/span><strong><em><span>\u00fatlmu<\/span><\/em><\/strong><span>\u00a0(attenuation) v dB na km a znamen\u00e1 pokles sign\u00e1lu na jeden kilometer.\u00a0\u010casto sa pre ozna\u010denie t\u00fdchto k\u00e1blov pou\u017e\u00edva\u00a0<\/span><strong><em><span>\u017elt\u00e1 farba<\/span><\/em><\/strong><span>\u00a0.<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong><span>OS1<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0&#8211; \u00fatlm 1 dB \/ km<\/span><\/li>\n<li><strong><span>OS2<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0&#8211; \u00fatlm 0,4 dB \/ km<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong><span>Multi-mode Optical Fiber<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0(ozna\u010denie\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>OM<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0&#8211; Optical Multi-mode)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>U MMF vl\u00e1kien sa ud\u00e1va minim\u00e1lna\u00a0<\/span><strong><em><span>mod\u00e1lne \u0161\u00edrka p\u00e1sma<\/span><\/em><\/strong><span>\u00a0(modal bandwidth), teda jeho kapacita v MHz na vzdialenos\u0165 jedn\u00e9ho kilometra.\u00a0\u010casto sa MMF k\u00e1ble ozna\u010duj\u00fa\u00a0<\/span><strong><em><span>oran\u017eovou farbou<\/span><\/em><\/strong><span>\u00a0, pr\u00edpadne modro-zelen\u00e1 (OM3, OM4), fialov\u00e1 (OM4).<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong><span>OM1<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0&#8211; jadro 62,5 mikrometrov, \u0161\u00edrka p\u00e1sma 200 MHz-km pri 850 nm (pre 1300 nm je vy\u0161\u0161ia), be\u017ene sa pou\u017e\u00edva pre FastEthernet na vzdialenos\u0165 2 km<\/span><\/li>\n<li><strong><span>OM2<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0&#8211; jadro 50 mikrometrov, \u0161\u00edrka p\u00e1sma 500 MHz-km pri 850 nm, be\u017ene sa pou\u017e\u00edva pre GigabitEthernet na vzdialenos\u0165 550 m<\/span><\/li>\n<li><strong><span>OM3<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0&#8211; jadro 50 mikrometrov, \u0161\u00edrka p\u00e1sma 2000 MHz-km pri 850 nm, be\u017ene sa pou\u017e\u00edva pre 10GigabitEthernet na vzdialenos\u0165 300 m, prech\u00e1dza sa z LED na VCSEL lasery<\/span><\/li>\n<li><strong><span>OM4<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0&#8211; jadro 50 mikrometrov, \u0161\u00edrka p\u00e1sma 3500 MHz-km pri 850 nm, najnov\u0161\u00ed \u0161tandard podporuje 40 a 100GigabitEthernet na vzdialenos\u0165 150 m, optimalizovan\u00e9 pre laser<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4><span>\u0160tandardy pre Ethernet over Optical Fiber<\/span><\/h4>\n<p><strong><em><span>Ethernet<\/span><\/em><\/strong><span> o r\u00f4zne r\u00fdchlosti je definovan\u00fd (<\/span><strong><span>IEEE 802.3<\/span><\/strong><span>) tie\u017e pri pou\u017eit\u00ed optick\u00fdch vl\u00e1kien.\u00a0Oproti kr\u00fatenej dvojlinke existuje viac variantov a viac komplik\u00e1ci\u00ed ;-). Za\u010diatok ozna\u010denia je zhodn\u00fd, sklad\u00e1 sa z<\/span><code>\u010d\u00edsla<\/code> <span>ur\u010duj\u00faceho<\/span><strong><em><span>\u00a0r\u00fdchlos\u0165<\/span><\/em><\/strong><span>\u00a0v Mbps (ak sa prid\u00e1 G, tak v Gbps).\u00a0Slovo<\/span><code>Base<\/code> <span>je skr\u00e1tene<\/span><strong><em><span>\u00a0baseband<\/span><\/em><\/strong><span>\u00a0zna\u010d\u00ed, \u017ee ide o nefiltrovan\u00fa linku bez modul\u00e1cie.\u00a0P\u00edsmenk\u00e1 na konci sa pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa vo dvojici, prv\u00fd m\u00f4\u017ee by\u0165<\/span>\u00a0<code>F<\/code> <span>pre<\/span><em><strong><span>\u00a0Fiber<\/span><\/strong><\/em><span>\u00a0(optick\u00fd k\u00e1bel),<\/span><code>S<\/code><span>\u00a0zna\u010d\u00ed<\/span><em><strong><span>\u00a0Short-range MMF<\/span><\/strong><\/em><span>\u00a0,<\/span><code>L<\/code> <span>zna\u010d\u00ed<\/span><em><strong><span>\u00a0Long-range SMF alebo MMF<\/span><\/strong><\/em><span>\u00a0.\u00a0Druh\u00e9 p\u00edsmeno <\/span><code>X<\/code> <span>ur\u010duje k\u00f3dovanie blokov<\/span><em><strong><span> 4B\/5B<\/span><\/strong><\/em><span>\u00a0pre FastEthernet alebo<\/span><em><strong><span> 8B\/10B <\/span><\/strong><\/em><span>pre GigabitEthernet,\u00a0<\/span><code>R<\/code> <span>je k\u00f3dovanie blokov\u00a0 <\/span><em><strong><span>64B\/66b<\/span><\/strong><\/em><span>\u00a0.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>V\u00fdber niektor\u00fdch pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00fdch \u0161tandardov:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong><span>100Base-FX Ethernet<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0&#8211; IEEE 802.3u (1995), r\u00fdchlos\u0165 100 Mbps (FastEthernet &#8211; FE), vyu\u017e\u00edva vlnov\u00fa d\u013a\u017eku 1300 nm a MMF optick\u00e9 vl\u00e1kna, jedno pre pr\u00edjem (receive &#8211; RX) a druh\u00e9 pre vysielanie (Transmit &#8211; TX), pre full-duplex podporuje vzdialenos\u0165 2 km<\/span><\/li>\n<li><strong><span>1000Base-SX Ethernet<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0&#8211; IEEE 802.3z (1998), r\u00fdchlos\u0165 1000 Mbps (GigabitEthernet &#8211; GE), vyu\u017e\u00edva vlnov\u00fa d\u013a\u017eku 850 nm a MMF optick\u00e9 vl\u00e1kna, vzdialenos\u0165 275 m pre OM1 a 550 m pre OM2<\/span><\/li>\n<li><strong><span>1000Base-LX Ethernet<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0&#8211; IEEE 802.3z (1998), r\u00fdchlos\u0165 1000 Mbps (GigabitEthernet &#8211; GE), vyu\u017e\u00edva vlnov\u00fa d\u013a\u017eku 1310 nm a SMF optick\u00e9 vl\u00e1kna na vzdialenos\u0165 5 km alebo vlnov\u00fa d\u013a\u017eku 1300 nm a MMF optick\u00e9 vl\u00e1kna na vzdialenos\u0165 550 m<\/span><\/li>\n<li><strong><span>10GBase-SR Ethernet<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0&#8211; IEEE 802.3ae (2002), r\u00fdchlos\u0165 10 000 Mbps (10GigabitEthernet &#8211; 10GE), vyu\u017e\u00edva vlnov\u00fa d\u013a\u017eku 850 nm a MMF optick\u00e9 vl\u00e1kna, vzdialenos\u0165 300 m pre OM3 a 400 m pre OM4<\/span><\/li>\n<li><strong><span>10GBase-LR Ethernet<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0&#8211; IEEE 802.3ae (2002), r\u00fdchlos\u0165 10 000 Mbps (10GigabitEthernet &#8211; 10GE), vyu\u017e\u00edva vlnov\u00fa d\u013a\u017eku 1310 nm a SMF optick\u00e9 vl\u00e1kna, vzdialenos\u0165 10 km<\/span><\/li>\n<li><strong><span>40GBase-SR4 Ethernet<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0&#8211; IEEE 802.3ba (2010), r\u00fdchlos\u0165 40 000 Mbps (40GigabitEthernet &#8211; 40GE), vyu\u017e\u00edva vlnov\u00fa d\u013a\u017eku 850 nm a MMF optick\u00e9 vl\u00e1kna, vzdialenos\u0165 100 m pre OM3 a 150 m pre OM4, \u010d\u00edslice 4 znamen\u00e1, \u017ee s\u00fa pou\u017eit\u00e9 4 paraleln\u00e9 pruhy pre d\u00e1ta ka\u017ed\u00fd o r\u00fdchlosti 10.3125 Gbps<\/span><\/li>\n<li><strong><span>100GBase-SR10 Ethernet<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0&#8211; IEEE 802.3ba (2010), r\u00fdchlos\u0165 100 000 Mbps (100GigabitEthernet &#8211; 100g), vyu\u017e\u00edva vlnov\u00fa d\u013a\u017eku 850 nm a MMF optick\u00e9 vl\u00e1kna, vzdialenos\u0165 100 m pre OM3 a 150 m pre OM4, \u010d\u00edslice 10 znamen\u00e1, \u017ee je pou\u017eit\u00e9 10 paraleln\u00fdch pruhov pre d\u00e1ta ka\u017ed\u00fd o r\u00fdchlosti 10.3125 Gbps<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4><span>\u0160tandardy pre Fibre Channel<\/span><\/h4>\n<p><span>Popisovali sme pou\u017eitie optick\u00fdch k\u00e1blov pre Ethernet (a teda prim\u00e1rne pre telekomunika\u010dn\u00e9 siete), tak mus\u00edme tie\u017e spomen\u00fa\u0165\u00a0<\/span><strong><em><span>Fibre Channel<\/span><\/em><\/strong><span>, teda \u0161tandardn\u00fa sie\u0165ov\u00fa technol\u00f3giu pre SAN siete. Pre\u00a0<\/span><em><span>Fibre Channel<\/span><\/em><span> siete vyu\u017eijeme rovnak\u00e9 optick\u00e9 vl\u00e1kna, ako bolo popisovan\u00e9 vy\u0161\u0161ie.\u00a0Pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa sa ako\u00a0<\/span><strong><em><span>Multi-mode Optical Fiber<\/span><\/em><\/strong><span>, tak\u00a0<\/span><strong><em><span>Single-mode Optical Fiber<\/span><\/em><\/strong><span>, klasicky spom\u00ednan\u00e9 triedy OM (pou\u017e\u00edva ozna\u010denie M6 pre OM1, M5 pre OM2, M5E pre OM3, M5F pre OM4) a OS (pou\u017e\u00edva ozna\u010denie SM pre OS1 a OS2).<\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong><em><span>Fibre Channel<\/span><\/em><\/strong><span>\u00a0je \u0161tandardizovan\u00fd ANSI v\u00fdborom<\/span><strong><span>\u00a0INCITS<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0(International Committee for Information Technology Standards).\u00a0<\/span><strong><em><span>Fyzick\u00e1 vrstva<\/span><\/em><\/strong><span> (FC-0), ktor\u00e1 definuje k\u00e1ble, konektory, a pod., je op\u00edsan\u00e1 v<\/span><em><span>\u00a0Fibre Channel Physical Interfaces<\/span><\/em><span>\u00a0(FC-PI-5 a FC-PI-6).\u00a0Podobne ako u Ethernetu existuj\u00fa r\u00f4zne verzie Fibre Channel, ktor\u00e9 podporuj\u00fa r\u00f4znu r\u00fdchlos\u0165.\u00a0Ozna\u010duj\u00fa sa svojou<\/span><strong><em><span>\u00a0r\u00fdchlos\u0165ou<\/span><\/em><\/strong><span>\u00a0v Gbps a skratkou FE pre Fibre Channel, tie\u017e sa hovor\u00ed o ur\u010ditej gener\u00e1ciu Fibre Channel.\u00a0Hlavn\u00e9 verzie s\u00fa (nie je tu uveden\u00e1 potrebn\u00e9 \u0161pecifick\u00e1 verzia 10GFC):<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong><span>1GFC<\/span><\/strong><span> &#8211; Gen1 + (1997), k\u00f3dovanie 8b\/10b, r\u00fdchlos\u0165 linky (line rate) 1,0625 GBaud, priepustnos\u0165 (throughput) 200 MB\/s (v oboch smeroch, teda v jednom smere 100 MB\/s)<\/span><\/li>\n<li><strong><span>2GFC<\/span><\/strong><span> &#8211; Gen2 (2001), k\u00f3dovanie 8b\/10b, r\u00fdchlos\u0165 linky 2,125 Gbps, priepustnos\u0165 400 MB\/s<\/span><\/li>\n<li><strong><span>4GFC<\/span><\/strong><span> &#8211; Gen3 (2006), k\u00f3dovanie 8b\/10b, r\u00fdchlos\u0165 linky 4,25 Gbps, priepustnos\u0165 800 MB\/s<\/span><\/li>\n<li><strong><span>8GFC<\/span><\/strong><span> &#8211; Gen4 (2008), k\u00f3dovanie 8b\/10b, r\u00fdchlos\u0165 linky 8,5 Gbps, priepustnos\u0165 1600 MB\/s<\/span><\/li>\n<li><strong><span>16GFC<\/span><\/strong><span> &#8211; Gen5 (2011), k\u00f3dovanie 64b\/66b (v\u010faka tomu sta\u010d\u00ed ni\u017e\u0161ia r\u00fdchlos\u0165 linky pre po\u017eadovan\u00fa r\u00fdchlos\u0165 prenosu), r\u00fdchlos\u0165 linky 14,025 Gbps, priepustnos\u0165 3200 MB\/s<\/span><\/li>\n<li><strong><span>32GFC<\/span><\/strong><span> &#8211; Gen6 (2016), k\u00f3dovanie 64b\/66b, r\u00fdchlos\u0165 linky 28,05 Gbps, priepustnos\u0165 6400 MB\/s<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4><span>Wavelength Division Multiplexing &#8211; WDM<\/span><\/h4>\n<p><span>Existuj\u00fa met\u00f3dy na dosiahnutie\u00a0<\/span><strong><em><span>vy\u0161\u0161ej prenosovej r\u00fdchlosti<\/span><\/em><\/strong><span>\u00a0na jednom optickom vl\u00e1kne.\u00a0Ka\u017ed\u00e9 vl\u00e1kno m\u00f4\u017ee pren\u00e1\u0161a\u0165 ve\u013ea nez\u00e1visl\u00fdch kan\u00e1lov s r\u00f4znou vlnovou d\u013a\u017ekou.\u00a0Pou\u017e\u00edva sa\u00a0<\/span><em><span>vlnov\u00fd multiplex<\/span><\/em><span>\u00a0&#8211;\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>WDM<\/span><\/strong><span>, kedy sa viac optick\u00fdch sign\u00e1lov sa sp\u00e1ja (multiplexom) do jedn\u00e9ho vl\u00e1kna s pou\u017eit\u00edm r\u00f4znych vlnov\u00fdch d\u013a\u017eok (farieb) LED alebo laserov.\u00a0Technol\u00f3gia\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>WDM<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0(Wavelength Division Multiplexing) pou\u017e\u00edva multiplexor vo vysiela\u010di pre zlo\u017een\u00ed sign\u00e1lov a demultiplexer v prij\u00edma\u010di pre ich rozdelenie.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>V praxi sa pou\u017e\u00edva dvoch typov WDM:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong><span>CWDM<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0&#8211;\u00a0<\/span><strong><em><span>Coarse WDM<\/span><\/em><\/strong><span>\u00a0&#8211; lacnej\u0161ie, pou\u017e\u00edva \u0161\u00edrku kan\u00e1lu 20 nm, preva\u017ene vyu\u017e\u00edva p\u00e1smo 1470 nm a\u017e 1610 nm (teda 8 vlnov\u00fdch d\u013a\u017eok)<\/span><\/li>\n<li><strong><span>DWDM<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0&#8211;\u00a0<\/span><strong><em><span>Dense WDM<\/span><\/em><\/strong><span>\u00a0&#8211; hust\u00fd vlnov\u00fd multiplex, pou\u017e\u00edva \u0161\u00edrku kan\u00e1lu 0,8 nm, vyu\u017e\u00edva p\u00e1smo 1530,33 nm a\u017e 1560,61 nm<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span>Touto technol\u00f3giou m\u00f4\u017eeme dosiahnu\u0165 to, \u017ee jedn\u00fdm k\u00e1blom vedieme treba 32 nez\u00e1visl\u00fdch slu\u017eieb\/z\u00e1kazn\u00edkov. S\u00edce zdie\u013ea jedno vl\u00e1kno, ale komunik\u00e1cia je \u00faplne oddelen\u00e1 (bezpe\u010dnej\u0161ie ne\u017e pomocou VLAN).<\/span><\/p>\n<h4><span>Optick\u00e9 k\u00e1ble a ich ozna\u010dovanie<\/span><\/h4>\n<p><span>U optick\u00fdch k\u00e1blov je situ\u00e1cia komplikovanej\u0161ia, ne\u017e u metalick\u00fdch.\u00a0<\/span><strong><em><span>Prepojovacie k\u00e1ble<\/span><\/em><\/strong><span>\u00a0(Patch k\u00e1bel &#8211; Patchcord) s\u00fa dvoch v\u0161eobecn\u00fdch typov:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong><em><span>Simplex<\/span><\/em><\/strong><span>\u00a0&#8211; optick\u00fd k\u00e1bel zlo\u017een\u00fd len z jedn\u00e9ho vl\u00e1kna, pre situ\u00e1cie, kedy n\u00e1m sta\u010d\u00ed iba pr\u00edjem alebo vysielanie, alebo ke\u010f sa vyu\u017e\u00edva multiplex (tak\u017ee oba smery id\u00fa po jednom vl\u00e1kne)<\/span><\/li>\n<li><strong><em><span>Duplex<\/span><\/em><\/strong><span>\u00a0&#8211; optick\u00fd k\u00e1bel zlo\u017een\u00fd z dvoch optick\u00fdch vl\u00e1kien, typicky sa pou\u017e\u00edva pre duplexn\u00fa komunik\u00e1ciu, kedy jedno je jedno vl\u00e1kno pre pr\u00edjem (receive &#8211; RX) a druh\u00e9 pre vysielanie (Transmit &#8211; TX)<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span>Be\u017ene sa pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa\u00a0<\/span><strong><em><span>duplexn\u00e9 prepojovacie k\u00e1ble<\/span><\/em><\/strong><span>\u00a0, kedy s\u00fa vyu\u017eit\u00e9 dve optick\u00e9 vl\u00e1kna, ale t\u00e1 s\u00fa vlastne samostatn\u00e1 (vr\u00e1tane celej izol\u00e1cie) a iba sa pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa v p\u00e1re.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-693 size-full\" src=\"http:\/\/tech.sosthe.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/002065.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"250\" height=\"153\" \/><\/p>\n<p><span>Ke\u010f niekde na\u0165ahujeme optick\u00fd k\u00e1bel, jedno \u010di vonku alebo vn\u00fatri, tak sa v\u00e4\u010d\u0161inou oplat\u00ed voli\u0165 k\u00e1bel, ktor\u00fd obsahuje\u00a0<\/span><strong><em><span>viac optick\u00fdch vl\u00e1kien<\/span><\/em><\/strong><span>\u00a0(napr\u00edklad 4, 8, 12).\u00a0Tieto optick\u00e9 k\u00e1ble v metr\u00e1\u017ei, sa ozna\u010duj\u00fa ako\u00a0<\/span><strong><em><span>DROP k\u00e1ble<\/span><\/em><\/strong><span>, s\u00fa ur\u010den\u00e9 pre pripojenie do distribu\u010dnej siete a rozvody v budov\u00e1ch.\u00a0Chrbticov\u00e9 rozvody ISP vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa ove\u013ea viac vl\u00e1knovej k\u00e1ble (tie\u017e sa pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa mikrotrubi\u010dky a zafukovanie optick\u00fdch vl\u00e1kien).<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>U kabel\u00e1\u017ee sa m\u00f4\u017eeme stretn\u00fa\u0165 s ozna\u010den\u00edm, \u017ee je ur\u010den\u00fd pre\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>FTTx<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0.\u00a0To je rad skratiek, ktor\u00e9 hovoria, kam s\u00fa z centr\u00e1ly veden\u00e9 optick\u00e9 k\u00e1ble (\u010falej pokra\u010duje rozvod metalick\u00fdmi k\u00e1blami).\u00a0Roz\u0161\u00edren\u00e9 mo\u017enosti s\u00fa:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong><span>FTTH<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0&#8211;\u00a0<\/span><strong><em><span>Fiber To The Home<\/span><\/em><\/strong><span>\u00a0&#8211; optick\u00e9 vl\u00e1kno je veden\u00e9 a\u017e na hranici bytu<\/span><\/li>\n<li><strong><span>FTTB<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0&#8211;\u00a0<\/span><strong><em><span>Fiber To The Building<\/span><\/em><\/strong><span>\u00a0&#8211; optick\u00e9 vl\u00e1kno je veden\u00e9 na hranici domu<\/span><\/li>\n<li><strong><span>FTTC<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0&#8211;\u00a0<\/span><strong><em><span>Fiber To The Cabinet<\/span><\/em><\/strong><span>\u00a0&#8211; optick\u00e9 vl\u00e1kno je ukon\u010den\u00e9 v rozvodni, ktor\u00e1 je v ur\u010ditej vzdialenosti (do 300 metrov) od z\u00e1kazn\u00edka<\/span><\/li>\n<li><strong><span>FTTN<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0&#8211;\u00a0<\/span><strong><em><span>Fiber To The Node<\/span><\/em><\/strong><span>\u00a0&#8211; optick\u00e9 vl\u00e1kno je ukon\u010den\u00e9 v rozvodni, ktor\u00e1 je vo v\u00e4\u010d\u0161ej vzdialenosti od z\u00e1kazn\u00edka<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span>V ozna\u010denie optick\u00fdch k\u00e1blov sa uv\u00e1dza\u00a0<\/span><strong><em><span>priemer jadra<\/span><\/em><\/strong><span>\u00a0a\u00a0<\/span><strong><em><span>oblo\u017eenie<\/span><\/em><\/strong><span>, \u010falej\u00a0<\/span><strong><em><span>trieda vl\u00e1kna<\/span><\/em><\/strong><span>, u patch k\u00e1blov \u010di ide o\u00a0<\/span><em><span>simplex<\/span><\/em><span>\u00a0alebo\u00a0<\/span><em><span>duplex<\/span><\/em><span>\u00a0, u DROP k\u00e1blov\u00a0<\/span><em><span>po\u010det vl\u00e1kien<\/span><\/em><span>\u00a0, a r\u00f4zne \u010fal\u0161ie podrobnosti.\u00a0Pr\u00edklad:<\/span><\/p>\n<pre><span>9\/125, OS2 Singlemode, duplex, 2m, LC-LC<\/span><span>\r\n50\/125, OM3 Multimode, 8 vl\u00e1kien, 100m cievka<\/span><\/pre>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>M\u00e9di\u00e1 pre prenos d\u00e1t Prenos d\u00e1t\u00a0sa v po\u010d\u00edta\u010dov\u00fdch sie\u0165ach (a samozrejme nielen tu) deje pomocou\u00a0vlnenia\u00a0a pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa sa prim\u00e1rne tri\u00a0prenosov\u00e1 m\u00e9di\u00e1\u00a0: metalick\u00e9 k\u00e1ble\u00a0&#8211; prenos pomocou elektrick\u00e9ho&hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":14,"menu_order":1,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/tech.sosthe.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/684"}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/tech.sosthe.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/tech.sosthe.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/tech.sosthe.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/tech.sosthe.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=684"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"http:\/\/tech.sosthe.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/684\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":694,"href":"http:\/\/tech.sosthe.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/684\/revisions\/694"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/tech.sosthe.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/14"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/tech.sosthe.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=684"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}